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为什么实战中一旦被包围,基本等于输了? - bluetooth蓝牙技术
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“十则围之,五则攻之,倍则分之,敌则能战之,少则能逃(守)之,不若则能避之,故小敌之坚,大敌之擒也。”——孙子 孙子这段话的大意是,如果十倍于敌,就包围对方;五倍于敌就实施进攻;两倍于敌则分割对方;势均力敌则设法抗击;如果兵力弱于敌人,就能守则守,不能守则避其锋芒;如果兵力本就不占优势,还一味死拼固守,就会成为强大敌人的俘虏。 在《孙子兵法·谋攻篇》中,孙武阐述了他的用兵理念。面对不同的战争场景,只有用兵者善于根据战场形势排兵布阵,才能取得战争的胜利。而这其中,孙武对于“包围战”和防止被“包围”尤为强调,那么,“包围”战术到底有什么优势?为什么实战中,军队被包围后几乎九死一生? 来源/电影《大明劫》截图 包围战与“围点打援” 在现实的战术运用中,包围战往往与歼灭战息息相关,如果不对敌军进行包围,则很难成建制消灭敌军。而在战争中,能否对敌人的军事组织建制予以摧毁,亦是决定最终胜负的重中之重,一支部队如果仅仅是被击败,各级军事将领得到保留,组织框架仍然健在,只要进行兵员补充和物资补充,部队恢复战斗力只是时间问题。楚汉争霸中,刘邦屡败屡战正有赖于此;而如果被成建制歼灭,组织框架被彻底打散,重建会十分困难,明朝初年的捕鱼儿海之战,一战几乎打散北元的行政和军事组织,从此,北元的行政和军事倒退回草原模式;另外,成建制歼灭敌军也更容易获取地方的装备物资,金末的蒙古军和明末的清军正是依靠着成建制的歼灭和收编敌军、以战养战,以摧枯拉朽之势横扫中原。 由此也不难看出,只要运用得当,包围这一战术常常能发挥巨大的效能,而历数战争史中把包围战、围点打援、歼灭战等包围战相关战术博弈充分发挥的,当数明崇祯年间的明清松锦之战。 松锦之战会发生,起于清军在辽西走廊对锦州的围困。彼时,清军在松山、锦州一带摆开架势和明军开战,以锦州为诱饵邀击明军。在这场战役中,除了包围战术的成功,围点打援的计划也被再次实现。这场战役中,几乎彻底摧毁了明朝最后的野战力量。 从山海关到松山,从狭长的辽西走廊向北延伸,即松山堡(广宁中屯所),在松山这里,自西南向西北的辽西走廊遇到由西北向东南倾斜地势拐弯的松岭拦截,陡然将辽西走廊的地势分割,松山再向北,则是相对辽阔的小凌河下游平原区。而松山以北的锦州,虽有“东北门户”之名,却是孤悬于辽西走廊之外。这样一来,锦州作为明清两军争夺的焦点,明军据守锦州的成本十分高昂。 锦州(红框处)位于狭长地带的重要节点。来源/谭其骧《中国历史地图集》 得广宁至锦州地势平坦开阔之便,清军对锦州的包围也有了天然优势,而早在清军包围锦州之初,业已占据松山以南的杏山,锦州在地理上被清军割裂合围,锦州也就成为对明军实施“围城—歼灭援军—攻下城池”的战术起点。 实施包围战术的一大前提,是包围方的绝对优势兵力,或者抢占了地理之形胜,清军也正是凭借对锦州明军的兵力优势,得以抢占地利优势,或是长期强行进攻,或是切断明军补给待到锦州明军人马困乏再行进攻,清军无疑有着极大的优势。此时锦州的粮草不断耗损,清军还不断派遣军士刈锦州城外的禾稼,明军又无据守之地利,全军士气低迷,同时,皇太极抓住了锦州明军内外交困的时机,竭力招降在东北地区极具影响力的明朝锦州守将祖大寿。皇太极想招揽祖大寿的愿望到了什么地步?甚至做梦都会梦到和祖大寿结拜为兄弟。(昔汉昭烈与关张二人,异姓也,立盟之后,始终不渝,名垂后世,至今称焉,将军其鉴斯而速答之”——大清国皇帝谕祖大将军。) 站在明军角度来看,若不欲放弃锦州,便只得打破清军的包围圈,向锦州运入粮草。自崇祯十三年夏始(1640年)到第二年,洪承畴率数万明军自辽西走廊出发,稳步推进,与驻扎杏山的多尔衮多次交战,把明军阵线一路向北从杏山推进到松山,明军暂时打开了清军的合围圈,暂时解围锦州并抓住机会,将粮草运入锦州城内,锦州守将祖大寿才得以继续坚守,锦州的局面也被盘活。 在明军进抵松、杏,继而打破清军的包围圈以后,明军还开始撤至包围圈外围的清军进攻,双方互有胜负,洪承畴为增加胜算,请求增兵,宣化、大同、密云等部相继前往战场,此时的明军已经达到十三万,而清军先战不利,优势兵力转为劣势,包围圈被打破以后形势已然是岌岌可危。 战场的转折发生在明崇祯十四年(1641年)三月末,锦州的城防分为内、外,这月一天,驻守外城的两营蒙古籍明军发生哗变向清军投降,锦州外城失守,清军再度包围锦州。皇太极得知此事后,立即向锦州增兵,以锦州为诱饵,引明军与其决战,皇太极意在一箭双雕。 松锦会战态势图,红色为明军进军路线,橙色为清军进军路线。...

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mysqli object is already closed (500 Whoops, looks like something went wrong.)

Error

HTTP 500 Whoops, looks like something went wrong.

mysqli object is already closed

Exception

Error

  1. */
  2. public function disconnect()
  3. {
  4. // Close the connection.
  5. if (\is_callable([$this->connection, 'close'])) {
  6. $this->connection->close();
  7. }
  8. parent::disconnect();
  9. }
  1. */
  2. public function disconnect()
  3. {
  4. // Close the connection.
  5. if (\is_callable([$this->connection, 'close'])) {
  6. $this->connection->close();
  7. }
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  1. *
  2. * @since 2.0.0
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  4. public function __destruct()
  5. {
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  8. /**
  9. * Alter database's character set.
  10. *
DatabaseDriver->__destruct()

Stack Trace

Error
Error:
mysqli object is already closed

  at /var/www/html/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:318
  at mysqli->close()
     (/var/www/html/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:318)
  at Joomla\Database\Mysqli\MysqliDriver->disconnect()
     (/var/www/html/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/DatabaseDriver.php:496)
  at Joomla\Database\DatabaseDriver->__destruct()                

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